Research published in Nature warns that rising seas will devastate coastal habitats, using evidence from the last Ice Age.
17,000 years ago you could walk from Germany to England, from Russia to America, from mainland Australia to Tasmania. Sea levels were about 120 metres lower than today. But, as the last Ice Age ended, the oceans rose quickly by one metre a century on average.
Vast swathes of coastal habitat were wiped out. Recovery took thousands of years.
Rapid sea level rise and coastal habitat retreat will happen again if warming levels rise above Paris Agreement targets, warns a global research team led by Macquarie University.
They say that these mangroves, marshes, coral reefs and coral islands are essential to protect coastlines, trap carbon, nurture juvenile fish and help sustain millions of coastal residents.
In the paper the authors, from 17 institutions in Australia, Singapore, Germany, USA, Hong Kong and the UK, report on how these coastal habitats retreated and adapted as the last Ice Age ended and how they are likely to cope with this century’s predicted sea level rises.
“Coastal ecosystems exist where our oceans meet the land, including mangroves, coastal marshes and the fringes of sandy coral islands – the low-lying areas flooded and drained by tidal salt water,” said lead author, coastal wetlands specialist Professor Neil Saintilan from Sydney’s Macquarie University.
“Our research shows these coastal habitats can likely adapt to some degree of rising sea levels but will reach a tipping point beyond sea-level rises triggered by more than 1.5 to 2°C of global warming.
“Without mitigation, relative sea-level rises under current climate change projections will exceed the capacity of coastal habitats such as mangroves and tidal marshes to adjust, leading to instability and profound changes to coastal ecosystems.”
Mangroves grow in the tropics, predominantly in Bangladesh, southeast Asia, northern Australia, equatorial Africa and low-latitude Americas. Smaller mangrove colonies can be found further south, such as at Sydney’s Olympic Park, and Towra Point in Botany Bay, which is listed as internationally significant under the Ramsar Convention.
Coastal marshes grow in intertidal zones further away from the equator, most common along the Atlantic shores of North America and Northern Europe. Australia has more than one million hectares of coastal marshes, most abundantly found in Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia, and the third highest area of mangroves in the world, behind Indonesia and Brazil.
“Mangroves and tidal marshes act as a buffer between the ocean and the land – they absorb the impact of wave action, prevent erosion and are crucial for biodiversity of fisheries and coastal plants,” said Saintilan.
“They also act as a major sink for carbon, so-called blue carbon, through absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.”
Mangroves and tidal marshes have some in-built capacity to adapt to rising seas. They do so by accumulating sediment and moving slowly inland.
“Mangroves and other tidal plants have to get oxygen down to their roots to survive, and so that phase of the tide when water drains right out is really important,” said Saintilan.
“When the plants become water-logged due to higher sea levels, they start to flounder. At Sydney Olympic Park, we’ve seen whole patches of mangroves die when water can’t drain out properly.”
“This sort of death would be devastating for many natural mangrove forests across Asia which are restricted in their capacity to retreat from rising seas due to land development and human habitation,” Saintilan said.
Reefs protect coral islands by forming a coastal ecosystem that protects the inner, liveable land from the powerful impacts of the open sea. “Beyond 1.5-2°C of global warming, you’ll start to see these islands disappear when the waves overtop the coral reefs that protect them,” said co-author Associate Professor Simon Albert, The University of Queensland.
“In the short term, coastal ecosystems can play a vital role in helping us humans mitigate climate change by taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and offering protection against ocean storms — but we’ve got to help them as well.”
Co-author Torbjörn Törnqvist, Vokes Geology Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Tulane University, New Orleans USA, said subsidence – a gradual sinking of land – exacerbates the exposure of ecosystems to rising sea levels.
“The most vulnerable coastal regions within the USA are in Louisiana and Texas. These states have the highest subsidence rates, partly due to the pumping of oil, gas, and groundwater from the subsurface,” Törnqvist said.
Saintilan adds: “In Indonesian coastal cities such as Jakarta and Semarang they pump out a lot of groundwater for their populations which causes the coastal plain to sink.”
The scientists analysed the conversion of coastal ecosystems to open water and reviewed how they adapted to sea level rise following the last Ice Age.
“The study of past sea levels is one of the most important fields of climate science study and is the basis for sea-level projections,” said co-author Professor Benjamin Horton, Director of the Earth Observatory of Singapore at Nanyang Technological University.
The Paris Agreement’s central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global-temperature rise this century well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5°C.
Supporting information and images below, including additional comments from Neil Saintilan, Torbjörn Törnqvist, Benjamin Horton, Simon Albert plus Catherine Lovelock.
For interviews contact:
Fran Molloy, +61 412 485 677, fran.molloy@mq.edu.au
Niall Byrne, +61 417 131 977, niall@scienceinpublic.com.au
Expert contact:
Professor Neil Saintilan, Macquarie University, neil.saintilan@mq.edu.au
A copy of this release will be available post-embargo at mq.edu.au/newsroom.
Images
A range of images are in a Dropbox folder at https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/4f7ad1jrmff3wu9thhr55/h?rlkey=ier020wo5ap532wrmftquduq5&dl=0
Or download the package at https://www.dropbox.com/t/PpMKSv0Ev8hSwXwx
Supporting Materials
What evidence did the authors use to come to their conclusions?
Saintilan and co-authors applied three types of evidence to assess the vulnerability and exposure of coastal ecosystems to the higher rates of sea-level rise projected under global warming scenarios by the Paris Agreement.
The scientists analysed the extent to which contemporary coastal ecosystems show conversion to open water under a range of settings with varying rates of rising sea levels, and documented elevation trends for mangroves and tidal marshes in relation to current rising sea levels. They also reviewed the behaviour of coastal ecosystems over the range of sea-level histories encountered following the peak of the last Ice Age, 19,000 years ago.
“The study of the past helps us to understand the mechanisms regulating sea level and, therefore, to correctly attribute the relative importance of the many factors contributing to sea-level rise, including natural and anthropogenic (human-induced) forces,” said co-author Benjamin Horton from Nanyang Technological University.
“Sea levels are rising because of climate change. As humans burn fossil fuels, we release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, which warm the Earth and the oceans. Because water expands as it warms, the oceans are rising higher as they heat up. Climate change is also melting glaciers and ice sheets, adding more water to the oceans.”
Co-author Torbjörn Törnqvist from Tulane University, said, “For the present study, we took advantage of the rapid rates of sea-level rise that occurred during the end of the last Ice Age. These rates are comparable to the rates of sea-level rise that we expect later during this century, mainly due to melting glaciers and ice sheets as a result of global warming.
“By examining coastal sediments that formed in the past, we can infer how marshes, mangroves and coral reefs responded to these rapid rates of sea-level rise. This forms the basis for the improved predictions of coastal habitat change due to sea-level rise as shown in our study.”
What are the implications of rising seas for inhabited coral islands?
Associate Professor Simon Albert is Principal Research Fellow in the School of Civil Engineering at The University of Queensland, and co-author on the paper.
“Most present-day reef islands formed 1000-6000 years ago from sediment accumulation on coral reef platforms,” Albert said.
“Although there are several local factors such as sediment supply, tectonics, waves and currents that influence island stability, generally reef islands have been stable and even growing during a period of relative sea-level stability.
“In this paper we found that as rates of sea-level rise accelerate, particularly in 3°C warming scenarios, it becomes likely that reef islands decrease in size as vegetation dies and sediments are lost to waves and currents.
“These islands are much more than sandy beaches and coconut palms – they provide critical ecosystem services such as habitats, fishing grounds [and] generations of human settlement, and often have deep cultural significance to indigenous communities.
“Ultimately, complete loss of some islands will also influence sovereignty and territorial claims.”
What are the implications of rising seas for Australia’s mangroves?
Professor Catherine Lovelock is ARC Laureate Fellow at the School of the Environment at The University of Queensland.
“Without mangroves our coastlines have less protection against storms and floods. Mangroves slow flood waters and they can reduce saltwater penetration onto the land. We need them to store carbon, for our fisheries, for biodiversity and to have cleaner oceans,” Lovelock said.
“The effect of sea-level rise on mangroves of Australia is going to vary around the coast and over time as sea-level rise accelerates. Where mangroves fringe the water and are growing at mean sea level, they might be able to build soil elevation to keep pace with sea-level rise for a while, but eventually they will be overwhelmed, and losses of mangroves will be observed. The greater the effort to control climate change, the more mangroves will survive to guard our coasts.”
Abstract
Widespread retreat of coastal habitat is likely at warming levels above 1.5°C
www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06448-z
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06448-z
Several coastal ecosystems, most notably mangroves and tidal marshes, show biogenic feedbacks facilitating adjustment to relative sea-level rise (RSLR), including the sequestration of carbon and the trapping of mineral sediment. The stability of reef-top habitats under RSLR is similarly linked to reef-derived sediment accumulation, and the vertical accretion of protective coral reefs. The persistence of these ecosystems under high rates of RSLR is contested.
Here we show that the probability of vertical adjustment to RSLR inferred from palaeo-stratigraphic observations align with contemporary in situ survey measurements.
A deficit between tidal marsh and mangrove adjustment and RSLR is likely (P=0.67) at 4 mm yr-1 of RSLR, and very likely (P=0.9) at 7 mm yr-1 of RSLR. As rates of RSLR exceed ~7 mm yr-1, it becomes likely that reef islands destabilise through increased shoreline erosion and wave-overtopping. Increased warming from 1.5°C to 2.0°C would double the area of mapped tidal marsh exposed to 4 mm yr-1 of RSLR by 2080-2100.
At 3°C of warming, nearly all the world’s mangrove forests and coral reef islands and 40% of mapped tidal marshes are estimated to be exposed to RSLR ≥ 7 mm yr-1.
Meeting the Paris agreement targets minimises disruption to coastal ecosystems.
The authors are:
- Neil Saintilan: Macquarie University, corresponding author
- Benjamin Horton: Nanyang Technological University
- Torbjorn Tornqvist: Tulane University
- Erica Ashe: Rutgers University
- Nicole Khan: University of Hong Kong
- Mark Schuerch: University of Lincoln
- Chris Perry: University of Exeter
- Robert Kopp: Rutgers University
- Greg Garner: Rutgers University
- Nicholas Murray: James Cook University
- Kerrylee Rogers: University of Wollongong
- Simon Albert: The University of Queensland
- Jeffrey Kelleway: University of Wollongong
- Timothy Shaw: Nanyang Technological University
- Colin Woodroffe: University of Wollongong
- Catherine Lovelock: The University of Queensland
- Madeline Goddard: Charles Darwin University
- Lindsay Hutley: Charles Darwin University
- Katya Kovalenko: University of Minnesota-Duluth
- Laura Feher: U.S. Geological Survey
- Glenn Guntenspergen: US Geological Survey
The funders are:
- National Research Foundation Singapore (National Research Foundation-Prime Minister’s office
- Republic of Singapore)
- National Science Foundation (NSF)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)
- Department of Education and Training, Australian Research Council (ARC)